The wedding ceremony, along with the birth and departure to another world, is one of the most important events of the life cycle in the Khakass society. This is due to the fact that it is the family that is the basic unit of society, the indicator of the health of the nation. In it, the upbringing and transmission of centuries of experience to the younger generation is taking place, and a kind of micromodel of the world is being created.
One of the main goals of creating families is the birth of children for the extension of their kind and the people as a whole. In the traditional society, the bride's parents directed the bride's choice. Khakasses believed that children inherit not only the physical, but also the psychological, moral characteristics of their parents. In this regard, the brides were trying to take from the noble "good" genera. It used to happen that the bride and groom did not see each other before the wedding. It was believed that the first marriage is blessed by higher forces - the sun, the moon, the stars. According to Khakass ideas, after the death of the couple were reunited in another world. The age of marriage was on average 16-20 years.
The state in marriage was an important social indicator - bachelors, like most of the world's nations, were not respected. The unmarried men were treated as younger members of the clan, and to unmarried women, the nickname "Chynt Ainazi" (house trait) was attached at all, because they believed that it could attract unhappiness.
The traditional Khakass society was patriarchal - in it the man was assigned the basic social functions. In preparing the conclusion of marriage, the whole role was assigned to the groom's relatives (primarily parents), hence the term "hys alyshany" (exchange of girls). In modern society, marriage is largely a decision of two people - men and women, and in the past, marriage is the tying of relations between two collectives, under which the rights of an individual were limited. In this regard, the divorce was very rare.
Matchmaker Patriarchal nature has led to severe exogamy along the male line of kinship - a taboo - a ban on marrying relatives of a kind up to 15 tribes. It was believed that the blood is being renewed during this time. For violating the ban several centuries ago, the death penalty was relied upon. However, there were no such prohibitions on the women's line, as the female blood is being renewed more quickly. On the contrary, customary law encouraged a dual-generational marriage - the daughter of a woman must return to her mother's clan. There was also a number of other injunctions - prohibitions. It was impossible to conclude a marriage in one year with two brothers (except for twins), two siblings to marry two sisters, the youngest to marry before the elder, and so on. (Figure Matchmaker)
The conclusion of marriage was accompanied by the appearance of new social, legal and property relations for young people. Kalym and dowry ("инджи") is a kind of pledge of good relations between births. The size of the dowry was slightly inferior to the kalym. The peculiarity of the dowry among the peoples of Central Asia was that it continued to be the property of the wife, but in common use.
One can single out the following forms of marriages among Khakas:
1) The conspiracy "chahsynan alyshany" is a marriage of honor (lit. exchange is good). At this form, children were married, who at maturity became spouses.
2) Snatching (theft of the bride), in which the bride, as a rule, was of age.
3) Archaic form of marriage "khyshilyh" - donation of pink flamingos. A guy who killed a flamingo could woo any girl without paying a bride money, as it was believed that in case of refusal the bird cursed this family.
4) In order to preserve property within the given family-clan group, marriage was concluded by levirate (when the widow married the younger brother-in-law) and sororat (when the widower married the younger sister of the deceased wife).
5) Marriage work off.
Ritual wedding dwelling The main form was the abduction. Such a wedding can successfully become a script for an adventure film. Usually lovers themselves agreed on the day and time of the girl's removal. The guy came usually accompanied by strong friends, ready to defend a valuable cargo. This was important, because immediately after the loss of the girl, my father equipped a chase of 20-30 guys. If the chase caught up with the kidnappers, it could have reached serious clashes. But usually by the time the loss was discovered, the bride and groom were already in the aale of his parents. When the chase came, the groom's parents went out to meet him with a treat and said a welcome speech, admitting their guilt. The father of the bride learned about whether the daughter agreed to marry the kidnapper, after which it was about the amount of kalym. The bride's father received the bride's divorce between his sons and brothers, who, in turn, had to contribute their share of the dowry. (Figure Ritual Wedding House)
The Sagai and Kizil people held the Sas-tom holiday the day after the bride's arrival. The ceremonial part consisted of interlacing the girlish braids in two braids - the hairstyle of a married woman. During the holiday "sas-tom" there is an interesting custom - the planted mother held a right front shank of the slaughtered cattle and a cast on the bride's new hairdo
One of the main goals of creating families is the birth of children for the extension of their kind and the people as a whole. In the traditional society, the bride's parents directed the bride's choice. Khakasses believed that children inherit not only the physical, but also the psychological, moral characteristics of their parents. In this regard, the brides were trying to take from the noble "good" genera. It used to happen that the bride and groom did not see each other before the wedding. It was believed that the first marriage is blessed by higher forces - the sun, the moon, the stars. According to Khakass ideas, after the death of the couple were reunited in another world. The age of marriage was on average 16-20 years.
The state in marriage was an important social indicator - bachelors, like most of the world's nations, were not respected. The unmarried men were treated as younger members of the clan, and to unmarried women, the nickname "Chynt Ainazi" (house trait) was attached at all, because they believed that it could attract unhappiness.
The traditional Khakass society was patriarchal - in it the man was assigned the basic social functions. In preparing the conclusion of marriage, the whole role was assigned to the groom's relatives (primarily parents), hence the term "hys alyshany" (exchange of girls). In modern society, marriage is largely a decision of two people - men and women, and in the past, marriage is the tying of relations between two collectives, under which the rights of an individual were limited. In this regard, the divorce was very rare.
Matchmaker Patriarchal nature has led to severe exogamy along the male line of kinship - a taboo - a ban on marrying relatives of a kind up to 15 tribes. It was believed that the blood is being renewed during this time. For violating the ban several centuries ago, the death penalty was relied upon. However, there were no such prohibitions on the women's line, as the female blood is being renewed more quickly. On the contrary, customary law encouraged a dual-generational marriage - the daughter of a woman must return to her mother's clan. There was also a number of other injunctions - prohibitions. It was impossible to conclude a marriage in one year with two brothers (except for twins), two siblings to marry two sisters, the youngest to marry before the elder, and so on. (Figure Matchmaker)
The conclusion of marriage was accompanied by the appearance of new social, legal and property relations for young people. Kalym and dowry ("инджи") is a kind of pledge of good relations between births. The size of the dowry was slightly inferior to the kalym. The peculiarity of the dowry among the peoples of Central Asia was that it continued to be the property of the wife, but in common use.
One can single out the following forms of marriages among Khakas:
1) The conspiracy "chahsynan alyshany" is a marriage of honor (lit. exchange is good). At this form, children were married, who at maturity became spouses.
2) Snatching (theft of the bride), in which the bride, as a rule, was of age.
3) Archaic form of marriage "khyshilyh" - donation of pink flamingos. A guy who killed a flamingo could woo any girl without paying a bride money, as it was believed that in case of refusal the bird cursed this family.
4) In order to preserve property within the given family-clan group, marriage was concluded by levirate (when the widow married the younger brother-in-law) and sororat (when the widower married the younger sister of the deceased wife).
5) Marriage work off.
Departure matchmaker for the bride. Pictures ulus. Kharchevnikov A.V. 1930
Ritual wedding dwelling The main form was the abduction. Such a wedding can successfully become a script for an adventure film. Usually lovers themselves agreed on the day and time of the girl's removal. The guy came usually accompanied by strong friends, ready to defend a valuable cargo. This was important, because immediately after the loss of the girl, my father equipped a chase of 20-30 guys. If the chase caught up with the kidnappers, it could have reached serious clashes. But usually by the time the loss was discovered, the bride and groom were already in the aale of his parents. When the chase came, the groom's parents went out to meet him with a treat and said a welcome speech, admitting their guilt. The father of the bride learned about whether the daughter agreed to marry the kidnapper, after which it was about the amount of kalym. The bride's father received the bride's divorce between his sons and brothers, who, in turn, had to contribute their share of the dowry. (Figure Ritual Wedding House)
The Sagai and Kizil people held the Sas-tom holiday the day after the bride's arrival. The ceremonial part consisted of interlacing the girlish braids in two braids - the hairstyle of a married woman. During the holiday "sas-tom" there is an interesting custom - the planted mother held a right front shank of the slaughtered cattle and a cast on the bride's new hairdo
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